Coastal Communities Policies: Addressing Climate Change Challenges

Climate change is widely recognized as a significant threat to the future of humanity (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). Accordingly, many countries have attempted to counteract its detrimental consequences (Dolan & Walker, 2006). However, these measures often need reassessment due to the unprecedented changes brought about by climate change (Dolan & Walker, 2006). One of the notable changes is the rising sea level observed over the past few decades (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013). This has put several coastal communities at risk of flooding, prompting the allocation of additional funds for prevention efforts (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013). It is crucial to critically examine the policies implemented in these communities, as they may not be as beneficial as initially thought (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez, Bizikova, Blobel, & Swart, 2011; Mimura, 2013).

This article discusses how climate change has become a prominent concern for stakeholders and public officials. The conversation surrounding climate change and its consequences necessitates constant risk assessment to understand the potential impacts of existing measures (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013). It is essential to acknowledge that these measures are not guaranteed to be effective and should undergo continuous evaluation (Dolan & Walker, 2006). As more coastal communities face the risk of flooding, researchers emphasize the urgent need to take action and comprehend the vulnerability of these communities (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). By doing so, policymakers can develop strategies that effectively mitigate the impacts of climate change on these at-risk areas (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Defining Climate Change and Its Consequences

To start, climate change refers to the phenomenon of shifts in temperature and weather patterns (Dolan & Walker, 2006). While some of these changes are natural, human actions have caused and accelerated others (Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). One of the main drivers of climate change in recent decades is the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). The consequences of climate change are far-reaching and have a significant impact on our planet (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). The climate becomes unstable, making temperature and weather patterns unpredictable and offering an uncertain future (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). These changes directly affect the habitats of animals and the survival of different species (Dolan & Walker, 2006). As a result, many animals and plants face extinction due to alterations in their habitats, disruptions in the food chain, and other essential survival mechanisms (Dolan & Walker, 2006).

Figure 1: Climate Change (Chakroborty, 2020)

The effects of climate change are not limited to terrestrial ecosystems; they also have a profound impact on the oceans and other bodies of water (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Among the major consequences drawing international attention is the rise in sea levels (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Higher sea levels pose serious challenges for various parts of the world, especially low-lying countries, coastal cities, and islands, which are most at risk (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Inundation and erosion put numerous land areas at risk of disappearing, while a significant portion of the population is forced to migrate to safer regions (Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). To assess the average sea level in a particular area, researchers and scientists measure the average mean level over a period of time (Mimura, 2013). However, with the increasing risk of sea level rise, these average levels continue to increase (Mimura, 2013). These rising sea levels have prompted policymakers and researchers to pay more attention to the issue and its potential consequences (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Encouraging the Need for Sustainable Climate Adaptation Approaches

Policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders have consistently emphasized the urgent need for comprehensive measures to address the challenges posed by climate change (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez et al., 2011; Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). With sea levels rising steadily over the past decades and uncertain future projections, it has become increasingly crucial to take proactive action (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez et al., 2011; Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Far-reaching consequences could severely impact our planet and future generations if action is not taken (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez et al., 2011; Mimura, 2013;  Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). However, the question arises as to what kind of measures can tackle the complex issue of climate change (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). There is already a lack of capacity and awareness in this area, compounded by institutional constraints that complicate the implementation of necessary measures (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Overcoming these challenges requires a concerted effort from governments, organizations, and individuals to create an enabling environment for effective climate adaptation policies (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013;  Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Adaptation is recognized as a process in which communities and societies adjust to their changing environment and anticipate future expectations (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). It is not a sudden transformation but a gradual adjustment that demands careful planning and long-term commitment (Martinez et al., 2011; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). By adapting to the realities of climate change, communities can better withstand its impacts and build resilience (Martinez et al., 2011; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). These adaptation strategies aim to moderate or avoid the harm associated with the impacts of climate change (Martinez et al., 2011; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). They involve a range of measures, including infrastructure upgrades, land-use planning, water management, and ecosystem restoration (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). By implementing these strategies, societies can better cope with the changing climate, protect vulnerable populations, and safeguard essential ecosystems (Martinez et al., 2011; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Figure 2: Unite to combat climate change (Sullivan, 2008)

It is important to note that while adaptation is essential, it should be complemented by mitigation efforts (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Mitigation refers to actions taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent further climate change (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). While mitigation measures are crucial in preventing additional consequences, some impacts of climate change may already be unavoidable (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Therefore, adaptation becomes a critical component to address the ongoing realities and challenges posed by climate change (Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). As such, the urgency to address climate change requires a multifaceted approach that integrates both adaptation and mitigation measures (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Policymakers, researchers, and other stakeholders must collaborate, raise awareness, and allocate resources to ensure the effective implementation of climate adaptation policies (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez et al., 2011; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). By taking timely and proactive action, we can foster a sustainable future and mitigate the potential impacts of climate change on our planet and its inhabitants (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Coastal Communities, Rising Sea Levels, and Consequences for Their Populations

Adaptation policies play a crucial role in addressing and mitigating the impact of climate change (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez et al., 2011; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). With numerous methods available, it is essential to understand the significance of these policies (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). This article sheds light on the detrimental effects of climate change, particularly the rising sea levels that pose a significant risk to coastal communities (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Additionally, the focus is placed on the importance of implementing adaptation policies alongside mitigation measures, while also considering risk perception strategies to effectively monitor their impact (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Franck, 2009; Mimura, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

In the current section, the attention shifts towards the vulnerabilities of coastal cities and how their surrounding environments, which serve as their main source of income and livelihood, are affected. It is important to recognize that millions of people residing in coastal cities heavily rely on the oceans and their resources for their sustenance (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Cinner, McClanahan, Graham, Daw, Maina, Stead, Wamukota, Brown, & Bodin, 2012; Mimura, 2013; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). Notably, coral reefs play a vital role as a primary source of income for many individuals (Cinner et al., 2012). These reefs not only support fisheries and tourism but also provide coastal protection (Cinner et al., 2012).

Figure 3: Rest (Chakroborty, 2019)

However, climate change has significantly altered the conditions for these organisms and environments (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Cinner et al., 2012; Mimura, 2013). As the greatest threat to coral reefs and marine life, climate change disrupts weather patterns and causes irregular temperatures, impacting various aspects of the ecosystem (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Cinner et al., 2012; Mimura, 2013). The rising sea temperatures, for example, result in profound consequences for the ocean ecosystem by causing corals to bleach and eventually die (Cinner et al., 2012). The absence of coral disrupts the balance of marine life, making it difficult to sustain fisheries, tourism, and the livelihoods of those dependent on these activities (Cinner et al., 2012). As a consequence, adaptation policies are instrumental in combating the adverse effects of climate change (Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). This article emphasizes the importance of these policies alongside mitigation measures, while also drawing attention to the vulnerabilities of coastal cities and their reliance on the oceans for income and sustenance (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). The impact of climate change on coral reefs and marine life further demonstrates the urgent need for action to ensure the preservation and sustainability of coastal communities and their livelihoods (Cinner et al., 2012).

Essential Adaptation Actions for Addressing Sea Level Rise

Taking action to address the challenges posed by climate change requires the implementation of various measures (Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). One crucial step is to assess the vulnerability of coastal cities based on their existing conditions and the activities they rely on for survival (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). By understanding their vulnerabilities, communities can identify their specific needs and allocate resources to reduce their vulnerability (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). First, local-scale actions play a vital role in adaptation efforts (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). Communities themselves must take proactive measures based on their unique circumstances (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Local actions enable communities to identify their vulnerabilities and implement short-term, medium-term, and long-term measures to reduce the sensitivity to climate-related events (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). These measures may involve finding alternative ways to maintain productivity and adapt to changes in ocean currents, among other factors (Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Figure 4: Island (Rabinowitz, n.d.)

However, local action alone is not sufficient (Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012; Zander, Petheram, & Garnett, 2013). National-scale actions must also be prioritized to reduce vulnerability (Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012). Coastal communities face a higher risk of displacement and struggle to rebuild their lives elsewhere, despite the risks they face (Martinez et al., 2011). Therefore, national-scale efforts can provide social safety nets to increase adaptive capacity and prevent individuals from falling below the poverty line (Cinner et al., 2012). For instance, governments can focus on building infrastructures capable of withstanding rising sea levels and incorporate planning controls to minimize the consequences of highly risky situations (Cinner et al., 2012; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Increased investment and funding for planning, warning systems, infrastructure development, and social initiatives are crucial components of national-level adaptive policies (Cinner et al., 2012; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). On an international scale, countries can support governments that lack sufficient funding to deal with the consequences of climate change (Cinner et al., 2012). Providing aid and assistance can make a significant difference in their ability to adapt (Cinner et al., 2012). Additionally, increasing global exposure and raising awareness about the impacts of climate change can motivate action and encourage international collaboration (Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Coastal Impact and Adaptation Assessments

The introduction of measures to address climate change can sometimes raise concerns about how to monitor their effectiveness (Franck, 2009; Martinez et al., 2011). In his doctoral dissertation on Coastal Communities and Climate Change, researcher Travis Franck (2009) emphasized the need to develop models for policy assessment. Franck (2009) proposed a dynamic model that incorporates risk perception, storms, and adaptation to better understand the complex dynamics at play. This study highlights the importance of integrating various variables into assessment models (Franck, 2009). One crucial aspect that should be included in further research is the understanding of the frequency and importance of storms (Franck, 2009). Storms have a significant impact on shaping the landscape and conditions of a coastal area, which ultimately influences risk perceptions (Franck, 2009). Therefore, adaptation policies must take into account how well coastal communities are coping with these changes (Franck, 2009).

Figure 5: View of the coastal city N8 (Andjei, 2019)

By considering the interplay between risk perception, storms, and adaptation, policymakers and researchers can gain a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by coastal communities (Franck, 2009). This understanding can inform the development of more effective and targeted adaptation strategies (Franck, 2009). Monitoring the effectiveness of these measures becomes essential to ensure their successful implementation and to adapt and refine policies as needed (Franck, 2009). In conclusion, that research highlights the importance of comprehensive models that integrate different variables to assess the effectiveness of climate adaptation policies (Franck, 2009). By considering factors such as risk perception, storms, and the resilience of coastal communities, policymakers can make informed decisions and develop strategies that effectively address the challenges posed by climate change (Franck, 2009).

Overall, addressing the challenges of climate change requires a multi-level approach (Dolan & Walker, 2006; Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012; Mimura, 2013). Local-scale actions enable communities to identify and address their vulnerabilities, while national-scale efforts provide social safety nets and infrastructure development (Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). International collaboration and support can provide crucial aid to governments facing the consequences of climate change (Cinner et al., 2012; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020). Together, these measures contribute to the overall goal of adaptation and resilience in the face of a changing climate (Martinez et al., 2011; Cinner et al., 2012; Bonnett & Birchall, 2020).

Bibliographical References

Bonnett, N., & Birchall, S. (2020). Coastal communities in the Circumpolar North and the need for sustainable climate adaptation approaches. Marine policy, 121, 104175.

Cinner, J., McClanahan, T., Graham, N., Daw, T., Maina, J., Stead, S., Wamukota. A., Brown, K., & Bodin, Ö. (2012). Vulnerability of coastal communities to key impacts of climate change on coral reef fisheries. Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 12-20.

Dolan, A., & Walker, I. (2006). Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change related risks. Journal of Coastal research, 1316-1323.

Franck, T. R. (2009). Coastal communities and climate change: a dynamic model of risk perception, storms, and adaptation (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).

Martinez, G., Bizikova, L., Blobel, D., & Swart, R. (2011). Emerging climate change coastal adaptation strategies and case studies around the world. In Global change and Baltic coastal zones (pp. 249-273). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

Mimura, N. (2013). Sea-level rise caused by climate change and its implications for society. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 89(7), 281-301.

Zander, K., Petheram, L., & Garnett, S. (2013). Stay or leave? Potential climate change adaptation strategies among Aboriginal people in coastal communities in northern Australia. Natural Hazards, 67, 591-609.

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